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Bootstrap - Code

Bootstrap allows you to display code with two different key ways −

The first is the <code> tag. If you are going to be displaying code inline, you should use the <code> tag.
Second is the <pre> tag. If the code needs to be displayed as a standalone block element or if it has multiple lines, then you should use the <pre> tag.

Make sure that when you use the <pre> and <code> tags, you use the unicode variants for the opening and closing tags − < and >.

Let us see an example below −

<p><code>&lt;header&gt;</code> is wrapped as an inline element.</p>
<p>To display code as a standalone block element use &lt;pre&gt; tag as:</p>

<pre>
   &lt;article&gt;
      &lt;h1&gt;Article Heading&lt;/h1&gt;
   &lt;/article&gt;
</pre>

Bootstrap uses Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, and sans-serif in its default font stack. Using typography feature of Bootstrap you can create headings, paragraphs, lists and other inline elements. Let see learn each one of these in the following sections.

Headings

All HTML headings (h1 to h6) are styled in Bootstrap. An example is shown below −

<h1>I'm Heading1 h1</h1>
<h2>I'm Heading2 h2</h2>
<h3>I'm Heading3 h3</h3>
<h4>I'm Heading4 h4</h4>
<h5>I'm Heading5 h5</h5>
<h6>I'm Heading6 h6</h6>

The above code segment with Bootstrap will produce following result −

Inline Subheadings

To add an inline subheading to any of the headings, simply add around any of the elements or add .small class and you will get smaller text in a lighter color as shown in the example below −

<h1>I'm Heading1 h1. <small>I'm secondary Heading1 h1</small></h1> 
<h2>I'm Heading2 h2. <small>I'm secondary Heading2 h2</small></h2>
<h3>I'm Heading3 h3. <small>I'm secondary Heading3 h3</small></h3>
<h4>I'm Heading4 h4. <small>I'm secondary Heading4 h4</small></h4>
<h5>I'm Heading5 h5. <small>I'm secondary Heading5 h5</small></h5>
<h6>I'm Heading6 h6. <small>I'm secondary Heading1 h6</small></h6>

The above code segment with Bootstrap will produce following result −

Lead Body Copy

To add some emphasis to a paragraph, add class = "lead". This will give you a larger font size, lighter weight, and a taller line height as in the following example −

<h2>Lead Example</h2>
<p class = "lead">This is an example paragraph demonstrating 
   the use of lead body copy. This is an example paragraph 
   demonstrating the use of lead body copy.This is an example 
   paragraph demonstrating the use of lead body copy.This is an 
   example paragraph demonstrating the use of lead body copy.
   This is an example paragraph demonstrating the use of lead body copy.</p>

Emphasis

HTML's default emphasis tags such as sets text at 85% the size of the parent, emphasizes a text with heavier font-weight, and emphasizes a text in italics.

Bootstrap offers a few classes that can be used to provide emphasis on texts as seen in the following example −

<small>This content is within tag</small><br>
<strong>This content is within tag</strong><br>
<em>This content is within tag and is rendered as italics</em><br>

<p class = "text-left">Left aligned text.</p>
<p class = "text-center">Center aligned text.</p>
<p class = "text-right">Right aligned text.</p>
<p class = "text-muted">This content is muted</p>
<p class = "text-primary">This content carries a primary class</p>
<p class = "text-success">This content carries a success class</p>
<p class = "text-info">This content carries a info class</p>
<p class = "text-warning">This content carries a warning class</p>
<p class = "text-danger">This content carries a danger class</p>

Abbreviations

The HTML <abbr> element provides markup for abbreviations or acronyms, like WWW or HTTP. Bootstrap styles <abbr> elements with a light dotted border along the bottom and reveals the full text on hover (as long as you add that text to the <abbr> title attribute). To get a a slightly smaller font size add .initialism to <abbr>.

<abbr title = "World Wide Web">WWW</abbr><br>
<abbr title = "Real Simple Syndication" class = "initialism">RSS</abbr>

Addresses

Using <address> tag you can display the contact information on your web page. Since the <address> defaults to display: block; you’ll need to use

Tags to add line breaks to the enclosed address text.

<address>
   <strong>Some Company, Inc.</strong><br>
   007 street<br>
   Some City, State XXXXX<br>
   <abbr title = "Phone">P:</abbr> (123) 456-7890
</address>

<address>
   <strong>Full Name</strong><br>
   <a href = "mailto:#">mailto@somedomain.com</a>
</address>

Blockquotes

You can use the default <blockquote> around any HTML text. Other options include, adding a tag for identifying the source of the quote and right-aligning the blockquote using class .pull-right. The following example demonstrates all these features −

<blockquote>
   <p>This is a default blockquote example. This is a default 
      blockquote example. This is a default blockquote 
      example.This is a default blockquote example. This is a 
      default blockquote example.</p>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
   This is a blockquote with a source title.
   <small>Someone famous in <cite title = "Source Title">Source Title</cite></small>
</blockquote>

<blockquote class = "pull-right">This is a blockquote aligned to the right.
   <small>Someone famous in <cite title = "Source Title">Source Title</cite></small>
</blockquote>

Lists

Bootstrap supports ordered lists, unordered lists, and definition lists.

Ordered lists − An ordered list is a list that falls in some sort of sequential order and is prefaced by numbers.
Unordered lists − An unordered list is a list that doesn’t have any particular order and is traditionally styled with bullets. If you do not want the bullets to appear, then you can remove the styling by using the class .list-unstyled. You can also place all list items on a single line using the class .list-inline.
Definition lists − In this type of list, each list item can consist of both the <dt> and the <dd> elements. <dt> stands for definition term, and like a dictionary, this is the term (or phrase) that is being defined. Subsequently, the <dd> is the definition of the <dt>. You can make terms and descriptions in <dl> line up side-by-side using class dl-horizontal.

The following example demonstrates each of these types −

<h4>Example of Ordered List</h4>
<ol>
   <li>Item 1</li>
   <li>Item 2</li>
   <li>Item 3</li>
   <li>Item 4</li>
</ol>

<h4>Example of UnOrdered List</h4>

<ul>
   <li>Item 1</li>
   <li>Item 2</li>
   <li>Item 3</li>
   <li>Item 4</li>
</ul>

<h4>Example of Unstyled List</h4>

<ul class = "list-unstyled">
   <li>Item 1</li>
   <li>Item 2</li>
   <li>Item 3</li>
   <li>Item 4</li>
</ul>

<h4>Example of Inline List</h4>

<ul class = "list-inline">
   <li>Item 1</li>
   <li>Item 2</li>
   <li>Item 3</li>
   <li>Item 4</li>
</ul>

<h4>Example of Definition List</h4>

<dl>
   <dt>Description 1</dt>
   <dd>Item 1</dd>
   <dt>Description 2</dt>
   <dd>Item 2</dd>
</dl>

<h4>Example of Horizontal Definition List</h4>

<dl class = "dl-horizontal">
   <dt>Description 1</dt>
   <dd>Item 1</dd>
   <dt>Description 2</dt>
   <dd>Item 2</dd>
</dl>

Bootstrap - CSS Overview

This chapter provides an overview of the key pieces of Bootstrap's infrastructure, including Bootstrap's approach to better, faster, stronger web development.

HTML5 doctype

Bootstrap makes use of certain HTML elements and CSS properties that require the use of the HTML5 doctype. Hence include the below piece of code for HTML5 doctype at the beginning of all your projects using Bootstrap.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   ....
</html>

Mobile First

Since Bootstrap 3 has been launched, Bootstrap has become mobile first. It means 'mobile first' styles can be found throughout the entire library instead of them in separate files. You need to add the viewport meta tag to the <head> element, to ensure proper rendering and touch zooming on mobile devices.

<meta name = "viewport" content = "width = device-width, initial-scale = 1.0">

width property controls the width of the device. Setting it to device-width will make sure that it is rendered across various devices (mobiles, desktops, tablets...) properly.
initial-scale = 1.0 ensures that when loaded, your web page will be rendered at a 1:1 scale, and no zooming will be applied out of the box.

Add user-scalable = no to the content attribute to disable zooming capabilities on mobile devices as shown below. Users are only able to scroll and not zoom with this change, and results in your site feeling a bit more like a native application.

<meta name = "viewport" content = "width = device-width, initial-scale = 1.0, maximum-scale = 1.0, user-scalable = no">

Normally maximum-scale = 1.0 is used along with user-scalable = no. As mentioned above user-scalable = no may give users an experience more like a native app, hence Bootstrap doesn't recommend using this attribute.

Responsive Images

Bootstrap 3 allows you to make the images responsive by adding a class .img-responsive to the <img> tag. This class applies max-width: 100%;and height: auto; to the image so that it scales nicely to the parent element.

<img src = "..." class = "img-responsive" alt = "Responsive image">

Typography and Links

Bootstrap sets a basic global display (background), typography, and link styles −

Basic Global display − Sets background-color: #fff; on the <body>element.
Typography − Uses the @font-family-base, @font-size-base, and @line-height-base attributes as the typographic base.
Link styles − Sets the global link color via attribute @link-color and apply link underlines only on :hover.

If you intend to use LESS code, you may find all these within scaffolding.less.

Normalize

Bootstrap uses Normalize to establish cross browser consistency.

Normalize.css is a modern, HTML5-ready alternative to CSS resets. It is a small CSS file that provides better cross-browser consistency in the default styling of HTML elements.

Containers

Use class .container to wrap a page's content and easily center the content's as shown below.

<div class = "container">
   ...
</div>

Take a look at the .container class in bootstrap.css file −

.container {
   padding-right: 15px;
   padding-left: 15px;
   margin-right: auto;
   margin-left: auto;
}

Note that, due to padding and fixed widths, containers are not nestable by default.

Take a look at bootstrap.css file −

@media (min-width: 768px) {
   .container {
      width: 750px;
   }
}

Here you can see that CSS has media-queries for containers with width. This helps for applying responsiveness and within those the container class is modified accordingly to render the grid system properly.